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Biomarkers in Aquatic Organisms: A Critical Review for Ecotoxicological Assessment and Environmental Monitoring
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M.S. Naeem *   , T. Gaipov , Z. Selamogln |
| Department of Agronomy, Animals, Food, Natural Resources and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Italy |
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Abstract: (11 Views) |
Biomarkers have become indispensable tools in aquatic ecotoxicology for evaluating the biological effects of environmental contaminants and supporting ecosystem health assessments. They provide measurable biological responses at the molecular, biochemical, cellular, physiological, and organismal levels, enabling the early detection of pollutant exposure and toxic effects before irreversible ecological damage occurs. This review critically synthesizes current advances in the application of biomarkers for ecotoxicological assessment, highlighting the major categories of biomarkers, including biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility, and their applications across diverse aquatic organisms, from plankton and benthic invertebrates to fish and marine mammals. Particular attention is given to the integration of multi-biomarker approaches with emerging omics technologies, which offer enhanced sensitivity and a more comprehensive understanding of contaminant-induced biological responses. The review also examines the practical applications of biomarkers in environmental monitoring, ecological risk assessment, pollution management, and biodiversity conservation, while discussing current limitations related to standardization, data interpretation, and regulatory implementation. Overall, biomarkers represent powerful early warning tools that significantly improve environmental monitoring programs and support evidence-based decision-making for sustainable aquatic ecosystem management.
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| Keywords: Biomarkers, Aquatic organisms, Ecotoxicology, Environmental monitoring, Omics technologies, Oxidative stress |
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Full-Text [PDF 377 kb]
(5 Downloads)
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Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
General
Received: 2026/07/26 | Accepted: 2026/10/2 | Published: 2026/10/2
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