fa عمومى General پژوهشي Research <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="TR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Biomarkers have become indispensable tools in aquatic ecotoxicology for evaluating the biological effects of environmental contaminants and supporting ecosystem health assessments. They provide measurable biological responses at the molecular, biochemical, cellular, physiological, and organismal levels, enabling the early detection of pollutant exposure and toxic effects before irreversible ecological damage occurs. This review critically synthesizes current advances in the application of biomarkers for ecotoxicological assessment, highlighting the major categories of biomarkers, including biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility, and their applications across diverse aquatic organisms, from plankton and benthic invertebrates to fish and marine mammals. Particular attention is given to the integration of multi-biomarker approaches with emerging omics technologies, which offer enhanced sensitivity and a more comprehensive understanding of contaminant-induced biological responses. The review also examines the practical applications of biomarkers in environmental monitoring, ecological risk assessment, pollution management, and biodiversity conservation, while discussing current limitations related to standardization, data interpretation, and regulatory implementation. Overall, biomarkers represent powerful early warning tools that significantly improve environmental monitoring programs and support evidence-based decision-making for sustainable aquatic ecosystem management.</span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; Biomarkers, Aquatic organisms, Ecotoxicology, Environmental monitoring, Omics technologies, Oxidative stress 137 157 http://injbir.com/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-50&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 M.S. Naeem 1003194753284600710 1003194753284600710 Yes Department of Agronomy, Animals, Food, Natural Resources and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Italy T. Gaipov 1003194753284600711 1003194753284600711 No Center for Sustainable Development and Scientific Research, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, Kazakhstan Z. Selamogln 1003194753284600712 1003194753284600712 No Department of Medical Biology, Medicine Faculty, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Türkiye