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Challenges and opportunities in developing vaccines for the prevention of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in shrimp
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M. Gozari *   , M. Sheikh Asadi , M. Gozari , A. Zaheri , S. Pourmozaffar , S. Tamadoni Jahromi , R. Azm , S. Behzady |
| Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecology Research Center |
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Abstract: (8 Views) |
| Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is one of the most devastating bacterial diseases affecting shrimp aquaculture, causing severe economic losses worldwide. Traditionally, shrimp have been considered incapable of developing adaptive immune responses because they lack the classical antibody-mediated immune system found in vertebrates. However, accumulating evidence suggests that shrimp and other invertebrates possess forms of immune priming and specific innate immunity that can provide enhanced protection against repeated pathogen exposure. These findings have renewed interest in the development of vaccine-like strategies for disease prevention in shrimp farming. The increasing global restrictions on antibiotic use in aquaculture have further accelerated research into immunostimulants, oral vaccines, recombinant antigens, nucleic acid-based approaches, and other innovative prophylactic strategies against bacterial pathogens, including the causative agents of AHPND. Nevertheless, significant biological and technical challenges remain, including the limited understanding of immune memory mechanisms, antigen delivery systems, immune response durability, and large-scale field application. This review summarizes current knowledge of shrimp immune mechanisms relevant to AHPND prevention, critically evaluates existing vaccine development strategies and experimental evidence, discusses the role of immune-related molecules such as Dscam and innate immune priming, and highlights the major challenges and future opportunities for developing effective and commercially viable vaccination approaches for sustainable shrimp aquaculture. |
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| Keywords: Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), Shrimp immunity, Innate immune memory, Immune priming, Dscam, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Shrimp vaccine, Sustainable aquaculture |
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Full-Text [PDF 398 kb]
(1 Downloads)
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Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2026/06/11 | Accepted: 2026/10/2 | Published: 2026/10/2
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