fa عمومى General پژوهشي Research <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="TR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Viral and bacterial pathogens pose major challenges to global aquaculture, threatening both the productivity and long-term sustainability of the industry. Conventional disease management strategies, including vaccination and antibiotic administration, are constrained by limitations such as pathogen specificity and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Molecular biotechnology has provided transformative tools to enhance disease resistance in aquatic animals through genomic selection, gene editing and molecular modulation of immune responses. This comprehensive review examines the application of molecular biotechnology in strengthening immune defenses against viral and bacterial infections in aquaculture species. Key technologies, including omics approaches, CRISPR/Cas systems, antimicrobial peptides and RNA interference, are critically discussed. In addition, the immune mechanisms of aquatic species, recent advances in selective breeding programs and emerging approaches in precision aquaculture are systematically reviewed. Current challenges and future perspectives are highlighted to propose a strategic roadmap for the sustainable management of aquaculture diseases through molecular biotechnological interventions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="TR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:120%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; Aquaculture, Disease resistance, Gene editing, Immune modulation, Molecular biotechnology 0 0 http://injbir.com/browse.php?a_code=A-10-35-2&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Alireza Khiabani No Department of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Applied Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Reza Nahavandi Yes Animal Science Research Institute of Iran (ASRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran Sajjad Pourmozaffar No Persian Gulf Mollusks Research Station, Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecology Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar ‐ e ‐ Lengeh, Iran Roxana Fallahi No Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran